We provide eductive foundations for the concept of forward induction, in the class of games with an outside option. The formulation presented tries to capture in a static notion the rest point of an introspective process, achievable from some restricted preliminary beliefs. The former requisite is met by requiring the rest point to be a Nash equilibrium that yields a higher payoff than the outside option. With respect to the beliefs, we propose the Incentive Dominance Criterion. Players should consider one (...) action more likely than another whenever the former is better than getting the outside option for more conjectures over his rival's actions. We apply this model to the case where the subgame is a coordination game with a conflict between payoff dominance and risk dominance. Our results provide support for dominance solvability, but not for Van Damme's notion of forward induction. We show how the forward induction logic helps to select the Pareto dominant equilibrium. This is the case whenever player 1's act of giving up the outside option reverses the incentive dominance relations among 1's pure actions in the subgame. (shrink)

El presente artículo rastrea los conceptos de “anacronismo” y “memoria” en una serie de autores. Para dar cuenta de estos, primero hacemos una presentación de dichos conceptos en dos autores cuyas obras en gran medida los han tematizado: Walter Benjamin y Reinhart Koselleck. Esto nos permite situar las coordenadas conceptuales en las que la noción de “anacronismo” debe ser entendida. En segundo lugar, analizamos qué papel juegan el anacronismo y la memoria en Baruch Spinoza. Se procede, pues, a la restitución (...) de la dinámica de la memoria en el autor para poder elucidar cómo aparece el anacronismo, fundamentalmente ateniéndonos a las elucidaciones que Spinoza realiza en el Tratado teológico-político y en la Ética. Finalmente, en tercer lugar, se explica la productividad política que el anacronismo y la memoria comportarían, esto es, la capacidad positiva y virtuosa que estos dos conceptos detentarían en relación con el hacer político. (shrink)

Cet article vise à éclaircir quelques aspects de la théorie maimonienne de l’infiniment petit, exposée dans l’ Essai sur la philosophie transcendantale. Partant de la diversité des sens que Maimon confère à cet infiniment petit, nous analyserons les deux manières dont il envisage les éléments différentiels, sans toujours les expliciter. De fait, la manière de considérer ces éléments change selon qu’on se situe dans l’ordre objectif de la pensée pure ou dans l’ordre subjectif, attaché aux formes de l’intuition (autant a (...) priori qu’ a posteriori ), ordres que Maimon distingue dans son Essai. On reconstruira donc la logique sous-jacente à cette distinction, pour analyser ensuite la portée que Maimon veut donner aux différentiels, eu égard à son programme métaphysique « réductionniste », qui prend ces éléments – en tant qu’objet de purs rapports intellectuels – comme fondement de l’ordre subjectif. On montrera, enfin, les problèmes que pose l’intégration, ainsi que le modèle que Maimon met en place pour établir le passage de l’ordre objectif au subjectif. (shrink)

This text has already been published in Time & Society, 2016, Vol. 25, pp. 613-633. We thank Gonzalo Iparraguirre for the permission to republish it here.: This article presents the introduction and the update of an ethnographic research on temporality among indigenous groups, published in 2011 in its full version as a book in Spanish. It seeks to prove the usefulness of the conceptual distinction between time, defined as the phenomenon of becoming in itself, and - Anthropologie – Nouvel (...) article. (shrink)

The Author describes briefly how, through the confluence of trie new medical specialties of Reproductive Medicine and Molecular Genetics, a wide avenue has been opened to the genetic diagnosis and therapy of the preimplantation embryo. Today, the human embryo in its early stages has become the object of medical experimentation. In the next future, we will see the advent of new techniques for microsurgical manipulation and gene therapy Embryo-fetal Medicine will grow actively. The Author, after briefly analyzing the origin, and (...) criticizing the meaning, of the term preembryo, condueles, on the basis of unbiased observation of the continuum of human life, that only an attitude of respect for life and the determination to extend to the early human embryo the benefits of (gene)therapy are consistent with the deepest medical-deontological traditions. (shrink)

In this study, we propose considering membership in the Ethics Officer Association (EOA) as a proxy for the firm's commitment to ethical decision making, and we analyze the influence of firm- and CEO-specific characteristics on this commitment. While we observe a positive relationship between membership and firm size, we also document a negative relationship between EOA membership and the executive's time in position and, to a more modest extent, accounting returns. Pursuing this further, we present evidence that firms with past (...) legal issues may seek EOA membership as a signal of their intention to be compliant in the future. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new approach to the modal operators of necessity and possibility. This approach is based on the existence of two negations in certain lattices that we call bi-Heyting algebras. Modal operators are obtained by iterating certain combinations of these negations and going to the limit. Examples of these operators are given by means of graphs.

This text has already been published in P. Vostal, Inquiring into Academic Timescapes, Bingley, Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021, pp. 59-72. We thank Gonzalo Iparraguirre for the permission to republish it here. The aim of this chapter is to explore how temporalities produced by academia defines the way we learn and interpret social life, politics, and development. Academia imposes these temporalities by teaching and managing intrinsic temporal notions of social dynamics, as the - Sociologie – Nouvel article.

In this study, we propose considering membership in the Ethics Officer Association (EOA) as a proxy for the firm's commitment to ethical decision making, and we analyze the influence of firm- and CEO-specific characteristics on this commitment. While we observe a positive relationship between membership and firm size, we also document a negative relationship between EOA membership and the executive's time in position and, to a more modest extent, accounting returns. Pursuing this further, we present evidence that firms with past (...) legal issues may seek EOA membership as a signal of their intention to be compliant in the future. (shrink)

The introduction of modern thought in Colombia in the fields of social sciences, law and philosophy. Following closely the work of the jurist, historian and philosopher Luis E. Nieto Arteta, it examines the reception of Marxism, phenomenology, philosophy of law, economic and social history and innovations in the fields of civil and criminal law.

¿Es seguro navegar por Internet? ¿Están mis datos a salvo de intrusos? ¿Arrancará mi ordenador mañana? Todos los usuarios de las tecnologías de la información se formulan en uno u otro momento preguntas similares. En definitiva, ¿qué es la seguridad de la información? ¿Qué queremos decir cuando decimos que algo es seguro o no lo es?

La revisión de las humanidades a partir de la cultura material parte de la consideración de que la conciencia y la agencia humanas no pueden disociarse de su nicho tecnológico. El presente artículo trata de indagar cómo la experiencia subjetiva de la ciudad se ha visto modificada por la universalización del smartphone como herramienta de orientación a través de los sistemas de navegación gps. Con este fin, y a través del marco teórico formulado por Henri Lefebvre, el artículo realiza un (...) análisis exploratorio acerca de la producción del espacio urbano contemporáneo. Recurriendo a la revisión crítica de la teoría cartográfica, interroga si la universalización de los mapas digitales supone una recuperación de la experiencia subjetiva o una extensión del espacio abstracto propio del capitalismo de la experiencia. (shrink)

Este estudio aborda el conocimiento y el trabajo matemático del profesor durante la enseñanza de las representaciones de la función a través del uso en conjunto de dos modelos teóricos. Se analiza una sesión para el 1er año de enseñanza media (14-15 años) dada por un profesor de matemática con la categoría de experto. Los resultados dan cuenta de la relación entre el trabajo matemático que se propone en el aula y los conocimientos que permiten esta organización, aportando elementos a (...) la comprensión de la práctica docente. (shrink)

ABSTRACT For Victoria Kahn, Hobbes' argument that fear of violent death is “the passion to be reckoned upon” in explaining what inclines men to peace must be interpreted as a mimetic argument. However, Kahn then notes a paradox that makes Hobbes' thinking problematic: whereas love and the desires are appetites that produce an imitative effect, fear is different. Though also a passion, fear lacks that capacity to produce a mimetic effect or, therefore, to generate a contract. My hypothesis is that (...) resolving the dilemma presented in Kahn's interpretation of Hobbes requires a shift in attention from mimesis to rhetoric and, more specifically, to biological rhetoric as defined by Nancy Struever. This approach to Hobbes makes it possible to understand the rhetorical role of fear in generating and maintaining the social contract, and how the problem that Kahn signals—the impotence of fear in relation to mimesis—can be resolved. (shrink)

This contribution to a symposium on Samantha Frost’s Lessons from a Materialist Thinker considers her innovative reinterpretation of Thomas Hobbes’s philosophy, situating him as a precursor of New Materialism. Frost’s reading emphasizes Hobbes’s conception of human beings as ‘thinking bodies’ inextricably intertwined with their environment. This materialist conception leads to a relational, peace-oriented ethic rooted in our interdependence. Frost’s interpretation is contrasted with those of Arash Abizadeh and Stephen Darwall. Abizadeh identifies two normative dimensions in Hobbes’s ethics: the prudential and (...) the juridical. This perspective highlights the role of contractual obligations, which is less prominent in Frost’s interpretation. Darwall’s projectivist interpretation suggests that Hobbes saw ethical judgments as projections of our desires onto the world, which potentially challenges Frost’s materialist reading. While acknowledging the tensions between these interpretations, it is argued that Frost’s reinterpretation offers valuable insights for addressing contemporary ethical and political challenges. (shrink)

Šiame straipsnyje tiriami subtilūs Hobbes’o ir Kanto požiūrių į retoriką ir materializmą skirtumai, žvelgiant į juos platesniame politinės filosofijos kontekste. Nors abu šie filosofai buvo retorikos kritikai, tarp jų požiūrių išryškėja esminių skirtumų. Hobbes’as, būdamas monarchijos šalininkas, paveiktas Lukrecijaus, kritikavo retoriką iš materialistinės, antropologijos perspektyvos. Paradoksalu, tačiau jis pasitelkė retorines strategijas savo naujajame scientia civilis. Kantas, nors ir kritikuodamas tiek Lukrecijaus materializmą, tiek ir retoriką, į savo filosofijos perspektyvą integravo kai kuriuos suderinamus retorinius elementus, visų pirma susijusius su epikūrizmo tradicija. (...) Šiame straipsnyje tiriama, kaip du aptariamieji filosofai traktuoja paradiastole ir kokias pasekmes jų interpretacija turi jų politinei minčiai. Iškeliamas argumentas, kad abu mąstytojai, ieškodami racionalaus pamato politinei tvarkai, savąjį racionalumo sąvokos interpretavimą įtvirtina epikūrietiškame materializme, perkonfigūruodami retorinius elementus taip, kaip būtų patogu jų filosofijai. Straipsnyje išsiaiškinama, kad Kantas yra linkęs į respublikoniškas politines pažiūras; jis siekia kuo labiau padidinti piliečių autonomiją. Tai kategoriškai skiriasi nuo Hobbes’o orientacijos į monarchinę valdymo struktūrą. Šis tyrimas prisideda prie labiau niuansuoto suvokimo apie ankstyvąją Naujųjų laikų politinę mintį bei jos aktualumą šiuolaikinei respublikoniškai bei demokratinei teorijai. (shrink)

An engineer who becomes an educator in a school of software engineering has the mission to teach how to design and construct software systems, therein applying his or her knowledge and expertise. However, due to their engineering background, engineers may forget that educating a person is not the same as designing a machine, since a machine has a well-defined goal, whilst a person is capable to self-propose his or her own objectives. The ethical implications are clear: educating a free person (...) must leave space for creativity and self-determination in his or her own discovery of the way towards personal and professional fulfillment, which cannot consist only in achieving goals selected by others. We present here an argument that is applicable to most fields of engineering. However, the dis-analogy between educating students and programming robots may have a particular appeal to software engineers and computer scientists. We think the consideration of three different stages in the educational process may be useful to engineers when they act as educators. We claim that the three stages are essential to engineering education. In particular, education is incomplete if the third stage is not reached. Moreover, mentoring is incompatible with an educational assessment framework that considers the goals of the engineer are always given by others. In our view, then, an integral education is not only beyond programming the behavior of students, but also beyond having them reach those given goals. (shrink)

Este artículo busca analizar el concepto deleuziano de potencia, trazando una genealogía que lo asocia con la filosofía de Schelling –inspirado, a su vez, en Spinoza–, con la finalidad de mostrar el modo en que dicho concepto puede funcionar como el medio para pensar la multiplicidad de diferenciaciones e individuaciones del Ser en el contexto de la filosofía de la inmanencia. Para ello, reconstruiremos la presencia de Schelling en el concepto de potencia tal como Deleuze lo desarrolla en sus obras (...) de 1968: _Diferencia y repetición y Spinoza y el problema de la expresión_. A continuación, exponemos las notas principales de ese concepto tal como Schelling lo presenta en las obras mencionadas por Deleuze. Finalmente, desarrollamos comparativamente la especificidad de la potencia deleuziana en su doble aspecto: como potencia ideal e intensiva, para mostrar el modo en el cual ella articula el proceso de individuación en la inmanencia. (shrink)

ObjectivesThe aims of this research were to compare the levels of physical activity of eHealth users and non-users, to determine the effects of these technologies on motivations, and to establish the relationship that could exist between psychological constructs and physical activity behaviors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 569 adults who responded to an online questionnaire during confinement in France. The questions assessed demographics, usage of eHealth for exercise and physical activity, and behavioral levels. The questionnaire also measured the constructs of Social Cognitive (...) Theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and automaticity facets toward eHealth for exercise and physical activity.ResultsParticipants who were users of eHealth for exercise and physical activity presented significantly higher levels of vigorous physical activity and total physical activity per week than non-users. The chi-square test showed significant interactions between psychological constructs toward eHealth and physical activity levels. Self-efficacy was significantly and negatively correlated with walking time per week. Concerning the automaticity facets, efficiency was positive and significantly correlated with vigorous physical activity levels per week. Then, regressions analyses showed that self-efficacy and automaticity efficiency explained 5% of the variance of walking minutes per week and vigorous physical activity per week, respectively.ConclusionThis study has shown that people during confinement looked for ways to stay active through eHealth. However, we must put any technological solution into perspective. The eHealth offers possibilities to stay active, however its benefits and the psychological mechanisms affected by it remains to be demonstrated: eHealth could be adapted to each person and context. (shrink)

The work will be structured in three sections. The first of them analyzes how the different specialists in Spinozian work have studied the Dutch corpus in a dialectical way. This type of interpretation will be emphasized here not only in regard to Spinoza's own ontology, but also to his political philosophy. Secondly, this article investigates the way in which Spinozian ontology can be studied, proposing that, rather than making use of a dialectical method of Hegelian roots, it is rather possible (...) to undertake the study of Spinoza's main philosophical concepts. that are linked to the essence from the notion of sublimation, a notion that, as we will see, is closely related to the monism of Spinoza's philosophy. Finally, the way in which this sublimation procedure can also be applied to the concepts of the Dutchman that specifically refer to the political aspect of his thought is analyzed. (shrink)

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has hit almost all countries around the globe, seriously affecting the welfare of populations. Spain is especially hard-hit. In this context, the purpose of the present study is to analyze social, demographic, and economic correlates of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in the population residing in Spain.MethodThe sample of this cross-sectional study was comprised of 801 participants aged 18 or older and residing in Spain. Data collection was carried out during March and April 2020. Data of (...) mental health and well-being indicators, and those of a wide number of social, demographic, and economic variables were recorded. Linear regression models were built to value associations between mental health and social, demographic, and economic indicators.ResultsMental health morbidity was higher in women, younger people, individuals with medium studies, people with fewer children, singles, students, and unemployed individuals. Positive affect was higher among women, people with a high level of studies, those not co-living with dependent seniors, the self-employed, the employed, and those working outside home. Negative affect was negatively associated with age and number of children and was higher among women, people with basic studies, singles, individuals co-living with dependent seniors, homemakers, and students.ConclusionThe most vulnerable populations were found to be women, younger people, people with basic or medium studies, students and individuals with no remunerated activities, single populations, and those co-living with dependent seniors as well as those with a reduced number of children. (shrink)

Nuestro interés en el presente trabajo es, efectivamente, enfocarnos en la temática de las corporaciones, pero centrándonos en dos autores en particular: Thomas Hobbes y Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Como se verá, mientras que Hobbes referirá a las corporaciones como empresas, Hegel las aludirá como asociaciones (encargadas de anexar la sociedad civil con el Estado). Es a estos fines que estructuraremos el presente trabajo en tres tiempos. En primer lugar, explicaremos cómo las corporaciones surgen de acuerdo a las teorías de (...) ambos autores. Luego elucidaremos la forma en que las mismas funcionan y se encuentran conformadas. Finalmente, en tercera instancia dilucidaremos la relación que las corporaciones mantienen con el Estado tanto en Hobbes como en Hegel. (shrink)

We reconstruct “the classical transformational theory” of Chomsky, and fit it into the structuralist theory of science. We describe both the formal and the empirical features of this classical account, so that one basic hypothesis of this theory – where central notions are used – can be formulated, and in which Chomsky’s “classical” distinction between surface structure and deep structure is clarified. In the empirical claim of this theory are words, sentences and high-structured entities in an inseparable way intertwined. We (...) claim that the formal structure of a natural language is not approximately the same as that of an empirical theory in general. We clarify two special points which affect the structure of the notion of an empirical theory, namely: the delineation of intended applications and the fit between data and models. We hold that the concept of the empirical claim for a linguistic theory should be generalized in comparison with the “standard” structuralist approach. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se analizará, en primer lugar, la importancia de incorporar la dimensión social al análisis jurídico a partir de un enfoque interdisciplinario riguroso que permite articular las exigencias metodológicas de cada ciencia y así evitar el sincretismo (I). Luego, se desarrollará cómo la sociología de los valores de Nathalie Heinich puede resultar un marco teórico-conceptual relevante para dotar de racionalidad al discurso jurídico cuando se incorporan argumentos de naturaleza social (II). Finalmente, se planteará que lo expuesto en (...) el punto anterior permite incorporar una herramienta relevante al momento de argumentar y de justificar la decisión de casos difíciles, dificilísimos y estructurales en los cuales, entre otros aspectos, deben emplearse principios jurídicos (III). (shrink)

La libertad, para Spinoza, consiste en la autodeterminación, siendo causa de las propias acciones, siguiendo la necesidad de su naturaleza. Este artículo abordará este tema en cuatro movimientos. Los dos primeros investigarán cómo los especialistas habrían interpretado la libertad de Spinoza en términos positivos y negativos, respectivamente. El tercero investigará una interpretación que afirma que la libertad, en Spinoza, debe ser necesariamente positiva y negativa al mismo tiempo. El cuarto apartado consistirá en una interpretación de la libertad del propio Spinoza, (...) demostrando que debe concebirse de manera positiva. (shrink)